July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 183 days remaining until the end of the year. The end of this day marks the halfway point of a leap year. It also falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day in a leap year.
[edit] Events
- 69 Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
- 1097 Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by Prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by Sultan Kilij Arslan I.
- 1431 The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of Castilian during the Reconquista.
- 1569 Union of Lublin: the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
- 1690 Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
- 1770 Lexell's Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 a.u.
- 1782 American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
- 1837 A system of the civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.
- 1855 Signing of the Quinault Treaty: the Quinault and the Quileute cede their land to the United States.
- 1858 Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
- 1862 The Russian State Library is founded.
- 1862 American Civil War: the Battle of Malvern Hill takes place. It is the final battle in the Seven Days Campaign, part of George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.
- 1863 Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.
- 1863 American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
- 1867 The British North America Act of 1867 takes effect as the Constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation and the federal dominion of Canada; Sir John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada.
- 1870 The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
- 1873 Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
- 1874 The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.
- 1878 Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
- 1879 Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
- 1881 The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
- 1881 General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell and Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.
- 1885 The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
- 1890 Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.
- 1898 Spanish-American War: the Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.
- 1908 SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.
- 1911 Germany despatched the gunship Panther to Morocco, sparking the Agadir Crisis.
- 1915 Lieutenant Kurt Wintgens achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized gun-equipped fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker.
- 1916 World War I: First day on the Somme On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.
- 1921 The Communist Party of China is founded.
- 1923 The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
- 1931 United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).
- 1935 Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
- 1935 Grant Park Music Festival begins its tradition of free summer symphonic music concert series in Chicago's Grant Park, which continues as the United States' only annual free outdoor classical music concert series.
- 1942 World War II: first Battle of El Alamein.
- 1942 The Australian Federal Government becomes the sole collector of income tax in Australia as the State Income Tax is abolished.
- 1943 Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved. Since then, no city in Japan has had the name "Tokyo" (present-day Tokyo is not officially a city).
- 1947 The Philippine Air Force is established.
- 1948 Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam) inaugurates Pakistan's central bank, the State Bank of Pakistan.
- 1949 The merger of two princely states of India, Cochin and Travancore, into the state of Thiru-Kochi (later re-organized as Kerala) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the Cochin Royal Family.
- 1957 The International Geophysical Year begins.
- 1958 The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
- 1958 Flooding of Canada's St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
- 1959 The Party of the African Federation holds its constitutive conference.
- 1959 Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.
- 1960 Independence of Somalia.
- 1960 Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceases to be its Head of state.
- 1962 Independence of Rwanda.
- 1962 Independence of Burundi.
- 1963 ZIP Codes are introduced for United States mail.
- 1963 The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
- 1966 The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.
- 1967 The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
- 1967 Canada celebrates the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867, which officially made Canada its own federal dominion.
- 1968 The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
- 1968 The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.
- 1968 Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL-CIO.
- 1970 President General Yahya Khan abolishes One-Unit of West Pakistan restoring the provinces.
- 1972 The first Gay Pride march in England takes place.
- 1976 Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.
- 1978 The Northern Territory in Australia is granted Self-Government.
- 1979 Sony introduces the Walkman.
- 1980 O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
- 1981 The Wonderland Murders occurred in the early morning hours, allegedly masterminded by businessman and drug dealer Eddie Nash.
- 1983 A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashes into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
- 1984 The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.
- 1987 The American radio station WFAN in New York, New York is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.
- 1990 German re-unification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
- 1991 The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
- 1997 China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.
- 1999 The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
- 2002 The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
- 2002 A Bashkirian Airlines (flight 2937) Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over Ueberlingen, southern Germany, killing 71.
- 2003 Over 500,000 people protested against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.
- 2004 Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.
- 2006 The first operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the People's Republic of China.
- 2007 Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.
- 2008 Rioting erupted in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.
[edit] Births
- 1481 King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1559)
- 1506 King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1526)
- 1534 King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig (d. 1588)
- 1574 Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (d. 1656)
- 1586 Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d. 1630)
- 1633 Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
- 1646 Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1663 Franz Xaver Murschhauser, German composer and music theorist (d. 1738)
- 1676 Anthony Collins, English philosopher (d. 1729)
- 1723 Pedro Rodrνguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman (d. 1802)
- 1725 Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French nobleman and soldier (d. 1807)
- 1731 Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan Royal Navy Admiral (d.1804)
- 1742 Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
- 1788 Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (d. 1867)
- 1804 George Sand, French writer (d. 1876)
- 1804 Charles Gordon Greene, American journalist (d. 1886)
- 1807 Thomas Green Clemson, American educator (d. 1888)
- 1818 Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician (d. 1865)
- 1822 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Vietnamese poet (d. 1888)
- 1834 Jadwiga Łuszczewska, Polish poet (d. 1908)
- 1863 William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
- 1869 William Strunk, Jr., American grammarian (d. 1946)
- 1872 Louis Blιriot, French aviator (d. 1936)
- 1873 Alice Guy-Blachι, American film director (d. 1968)
- 1879 Lιon Jouhaux, French labor figure, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1954)
- 1883 Arthur Borton, English soldier (d. 1933)
- 1899 Thomas A. Dorsey, American composer (d. 1993)
- 1899 Charles Laughton, English actor (d. 1962)
- 1899 Konstantinos Tsatsos, Greek politician (d. 1987)
- 1902 William Wyler, French-born American film director (d. 1981)
- 1903 Amy Johnson, English pilot (d. 1941)
- 1906 Jean Dieudonnι, French mathematician (d. 1992)
- 1906 Estιe Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)
- 1907 Bill Stern, American sportscaster (d. 1971)
- 1908 Peter Anders, German operatic tenor (d. 1954)
- 1911 Sergei Sokolov, Soviet marshal
- 1912 David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000)
- 1912 Sally Kirkland, American fashion editor (d. 1989)
- 1913 Frank Barrett, American baseball player (d. 1998)
- 1913 Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician (d. 1979)
- 1915 Willie Dixon, American blues vocalist and record producer (d. 1992)
- 1915 Joseph Ransohoff, American neurosurgeon (d. 2001)
- 1916 Olivia de Havilland, British-born actress
- 1917 Humphry Osmond, British psychiatrist (d. 2004)
- 1920 Harold Sakata, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1921 Seretse Khama, Botswanan politician (d. 1980)
- 1924 Florence Stanley, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1925 Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
- 1926 Robert Fogel, American economist, Nobel laureate
- 1926 Carl Hahn, German automotive executive
- 1926 Hans Werner Henze, German composer
- 1927 Alan J. Charig, British palaeontologist (d. 1997)
- 1929 Gerald Edelman, American biologist, Nobel laureate
- 1930 Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American filmmaker (d. 2005)
- 1930 Carol Chomsky, American linguist, wife of Noam Chomsky (d. 2008)
- 1930 Bobby Day, American singer (d. 1990)
- 1931 Leslie Caron, French actress
- 1932 Ze'ev Schiff, Israeli journalist (d. 2007)
- 1933 C. Scott Littleton, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2010)
- 1934 Claude Berri, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
- 1934 Jamie Farr, American actor
- 1934 Jean Marsh, English actress
- 1934 Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
- 1935 James Cotton, American blues harmonica player
- 1938 Craig Anderson, American baseball player
- 1939 Karen Black, American actress
- 1939 Delaney Bramlett, American singer and songwriter (d. 2008)
- 1941 Rod Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1941 Alfred G. Gilman, American pharmacologist, Nobel laureate
- 1941 Myron Scholes, American economist, Nobel laureate
- 1941 Twyla Tharp, American choreographer
- 1942 Geneviθve Bujold, Canadian actress
- 1942 Andraι Crouch, American singer
- 1942 Mike Malloy, American talk radio host
- 1943 Jeff Wayne, American pianist, keyboardist and composer
- 1943 Marian Glinka, Polish actor (d. 2008)
- 1944 Lew Rockwell, American libertarian political commentator and activist
- 1945 Mike Burstyn, Israeli-born American actor
- 1945 Debbie Harry, American singer (Blondie)
- 1946 Masaharu Satō, Japanese seiyū
- 1947 Shirley Hemphill, American actress (d. 1999)
- 1947 Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese racing driver
- 1948 John Ford, English songwriter and guitarist (Strawbs)
- 1949 John Farnham, English-born Australian singer
- 1949 David Hogan, American composer (d. 1996)
- 1950 David Duke, American politician and white supremacist
- 1951 Trevor Eve, British actor
- 1951 Anne Feeney, American protest singer
- 1951 Terrence Mann, American actor and dancer
- 1951 Fred Schneider, American singer (The B-52's)
- 1952 Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor
- 1952 Steve Shutt, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1952 Timothy J. Tobias, American composer and musician (d. 2006)
- 1953 Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese politician
- 1953 Jadranka Kosor, Croatian journalist and politician
- 1955 Lisa Scottoline, American author
- 1955 Keith Whitley, American country music singer (d. 1989)
- 1956 Ulf Larsson, Swedish actor (d. 2009)
- 1956 Alan Ruck, American actor
- 1957 Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1957 Lisa Blount, American actress and producer (d. 2010)
- 1959 Dale Midkiff, American actor
- 1960 Kevin Swords, American rugby player
- 1961 Kalpana Chawla, Indian-born American astronaut (d. 2003)
- 1961 Malcolm Elliott, British cyclist
- 1961 Carl Lewis, American athlete
- 1961 Diana, Princess of Wales, Prince Charles's ex wife (d. 1997)
- 1961 Michelle Wright, Canadian country music singer and guitarist
- 1962 Andre Braugher, American actor
- 1963 Roddy Bottum, American musician (Faith No More, Imperial Teen)
- 1963 David Wood, American environmentalist
- 1964 Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach
- 1965 Harald Zwart, Norwegian film director
- 1966 Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer
- 1966 Shawn Burr, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1967 Pamela Anderson, Canadian model
- 1967 Sansan Chien, Taiwanese composer (d. 2011)
- 1968 Tim Abell, American actor
- 1968 Jordi Mollΰ, Spanish actor
- 1970 Melissa Peterman, American actress
- 1970 Henry Simmons, American actor
- 1971 Steven W. Bailey, American actor
- 1971 Amira Casar, French actress
- 1971 Missy Elliott, American rapper and singer
- 1971 Julianne Nicholson, American actress
- 1971 Jamie Walker, American baseball player
- 1972 Sunshine Becker American Singer (Furthur)
- 1972 Claire Forlani, English actress
- 1972 Alex Machacek, Austrian musician
- 1974 Jefferson Pιrez, Ecuadorian race walker
- 1975 Sufjan Stevens, American singer and musician
- 1976 Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer
- 1976 Plies, American rapper
- 1976 Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
- 1976 Justin Lo, Hong Kong singer and songwriter
- 1976 Thomas Sadoski, American actor
- 1976 Hannu Tihinen, Finnish footballer
- 1977 Tom Frager, French-born singer and surfer
- 1977 Jarome Iginla, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1977 Greg Pattillo, American beatboxing flautist
- 1977 Birgit Schuurman, Dutch singer and actress
- 1977 Pamela Rogers Turner, former elementary school physical education teacher/coach and convicted sex offender
- 1977 Liv Tyler, American actress
- 1979 Forrest Griffin, American mixed martial artist
- 1980 Patrick Aufiero, American ice hockey player
- 1980 Nelson Cruz, Dominican Baseball Player
- 1981 Carlo del Fava, South African-born Italian rugby player
- 1981 Amanda Diva, American actress and rapper
- 1981 Tadhg Kennelly, Irish Australian rules footballer
- 1982 Hilarie Burton, American actress
- 1982 Carmella DeCesare, American glamor model
- 1982 Justin Huber, Australian baseball player
- 1982 Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player
- 1982 Adrian Ward, American football player
- 1983 Lynsey Bartilson, American actress
- 1983 Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer-songwriter (M2M)
- 1983 Leeteuk (Park Jung Su), Korean singer
- 1986 Andrew Lee, Australian rules footballer
- 1986 Agnes Monica, Indonesian singer
- 1986 Julian Prochnow, German footballer
- 1988 Dedι, Brazilian footballer
- 1988 Evan Ellingson, American actor
- 1989 Mitch Hewer, English actor
- 1989 Hannah Murray, English actress
- 1989 Daniel Ricciardo, Australian racing driver
- 1990 Natsuki Sato, Japanese singer (AKB48)
- 1996 Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater
- 1998 Hollie Steel, English singer
[edit] Deaths
- 552 Totila, King of the Ostrogoths (birth year unknown)
- 868 Ali al-Hadi, Shi'a Imam (b. 828)
- 1109 King Alfonso VI of Castile (b. 1040)
- 1277 Baibars, Mameluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1223)
- 1592 Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, Italian composer (b. c. 1547)
- 1614 Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (b. 1559)
- 1622 William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, British politician (b. 1575)
- 1681 Oliver Plunkett, Irish Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and saint (b. 1629)
- 1708 Emperor Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (b. 1706)
- 1774 Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English statesman (b. 1705)
- 1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British statesman and noble (b. 1730)
- 1784 Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b. 1710)
- 1819 Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (b. 1752)
- 1839 Mahmud II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1785)
- 1860 Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
- 1863 John Fulton Reynolds, American Civil War general (b. 1820)
- 1894 Allan Pinkerton, American private detective (b. 1819)
- 1896 Harriet Beecher Stowe, American abolitionist and writer (b. 1811)
- 1905 John Hay, American statesman (b. 1838)
- 1925 Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
- 1942 Peadar Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish language writer (b. 1857)
- 1944 Carl Mayer, Austrian screenplay writer (b. 1894)
- 1944 Tanya Savicheva, Russian diarist (b. 1930)
- 1948 Achille Varzi, Italian race car driver (b. 1904)
- 1950 Ιmile Jaques-Dalcroze, Swiss composer and music educator (b. 1865)
- 1950 Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen, Finnish architect (b. 1873)
- 1961 Louis-Ferdinand Cιline, French writer (b. 1894)
- 1964 Pierre Monteux, French conductor (b. 1875)
- 1965 Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
- 1967 Gerhard Ritter, German historian (b. 1888)
- 1968 Fritz Bauer, German judge and prosecutor (b. 1903)
- 1971 William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1890)
- 1974 Juan Perσn, 29th and 41st President of Argentina (b. 1895)
- 1976 Anneliese Michel, German woman said to be possessed by demons (b. 1952)
- 1978 Kurt Student, German Luftwaffe general (b. 1890)
- 1981 Carlos de Oliveira, Portuguese writer (b. 1921)
- 1981 Rushton Moreve, American bass player (Steppenwolf) (b. 1948)
- 1983 R. Buckminster Fuller, American architect and philosopher (b. 1903)
- 1984 Moshe Feldenkrais, Ukrainian educator (b. 1904)
- 1987 Snakefinger, British guitarist, violinist and composer (The Residents) (b. 1949)
- 1991 Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
- 1992 Franco Cristaldi, Italian film producer (b. 1924)
- 1992 Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician (b. 1933)
- 1994 Merriam Modell, American novelist (b. 1908)
- 1995 Wolfman Jack, American radio personality (b. 1938)
- 1996 William T. Cahill, American politician (b. 1904)
- 1996 Steve Tesich, Serbian screenwriter (b. 1942)
- 1996 Margaux Hemingway, American actress and model (b. 1954)
- 1997 Robert Mitchum, American actor (b. 1917)
- 1999 Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-born film director (b. 1908)
- 1999 Guy Mitchell, American popular singer (b. 1927)
- 1999 Forrest Mars Sr., American candy magnate (b. 1904)
- 1999 Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b. 1910)
- 2000 Sarah Payne, British murder victim (b. 1992)
- 2000 Walter Matthau, American actor (b. 1920)
- 2001 Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1922)
- 2003 Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (b. 1930)
- 2003 Wesley Mouzon, American boxer (b. 1927)
- 2003 Nǃxau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- 2004 Peter Barnes, English writer (b. 1931)
- 2004 Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer (b. 1909)
- 2004 Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
- 2005 Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)
- 2005 Renaldo "Obie" Benson, American soul singer-songwriter (b. 1936)
- 2006 Fred Trueman, English cricketer (b. 1931)
- 2008 Mel Galley, English guitarist (Whitesnake) (b. 1948)
- 2008 Mark Dean Schwab, American rapist and murderer (b. 1968)
- 2009 Karl Malden, American actor (b. 1912)
- 2009 Onni Palaste, Finnish writer (b. 1917)
- 2009 Mollie Sugden, English actress (b. 1922)
- 2009 Alexis Argόello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (b. 1952)
- 2010 Ilene Woods, American actress (b. 1929)
- 2010 Geoffrey Hutchings, British actor (b. 1939)
- 2010 Arnold Friberg, American illustrator (b. 1913)
- 2010 Don Coryell, American football head coach (b. 1924)
- 2011 Leslie Brooks, American actress (b. 1922)
[edit] Holidays and observances