March 11

March 11 is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 295 days remaining until the end of the year.

[edit] Events

• 222 – Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before thrown into the Tiber.
• 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: English condottiero Sir John Hawkwood leads Padova to victory in a factional clash with Verona.
• 1649 – The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil.
• 1702 – The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper is published for the first time.
• 1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.
• 1824 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
• 1845 – The Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.
• 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.
• 1851 – The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.
• 1861 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
• 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood: The largest man-made disaster ever to befall England kills over 250 people in Sheffield.
• 1867 – The first performance of Don Carlos by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Paris.
• 1872 – Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.
• 1872 – The Meiji Japanese government officially annexes the Ryukyu Kingdom into what would become the Okinawa prefecture.
• 1888 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.
• 1917 – World War I: Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.
• 1927 – In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre.
• 1931 – Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
• 1941 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.
• 1942 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur abandons Corregidor.
• 1945 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.
• 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.
• 1978 – Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Al Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.
• 1983 – Pakistan successfully conducts a cold test of a nuclear weapon.
• 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the Soviet Union's leader.
• 1990 – Lithuania declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.
• 1990 – Patricio Aylwin is sworn-in as the first democratically elected Chilean president since 1970.
• 1993 – Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn-in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.
• 1999 – Infosys becomes the first Indian company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.
• 2004 – Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain, kill 191 people.
• 2006 – Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as first female president of Chile.
• 2009 – Winnenden school shooting – 17 people are killed at a school in Germany.

[edit] Births

• 1544 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)
• 1725 – Henry Benedict Stuart, pretender to the throne of Great Britain (d. 1807)
• 1738 – Benjamin Tupper, Continental Army officer, and pioneer to the Ohio Country (d. 1792)
• 1785 – John McLean, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1861)
• 1787 – Ivan Nabokov, Russian general (d. 1852)
• 1811 – Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician (d. 1877)
• 1818 – Marius Petipa, French ballet dancer and choreographer (d. 1910)
• 1822 – Joseph Louis Franηois Bertrand, French mathematician (d. 1900)
• 1863 – Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer (d. 1915)
• 1870 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician (d. 1946)
• 1873 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933)
• 1876 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971)
• 1878 – Umegatani Tōtarō II, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 20^th Yokozuna (d. 1927)
• 1880 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenecist (d. 1943)
• 1884 – Lewi Pethrus, Swedish politician (d. 1974)
• 1885 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)
• 1887 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (d. 1980)
• 1890 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and politician (d. 1974)
• 1897 – Henry Cowell, American composer and impresario (d. 1965)
• 1898 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)
• 1899 – Frederick IX of Denmark, Danish King (d. 1972)
• 1903 – Ronald Syme, New Zealand classicist and historian (d. 1989)
• 1903 – Lawrence Welk, American musician (d. 1992)
• 1907 – Jessie Matthews, English actress (d. 1981)
• 1910 – Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982)
• 1915 – Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)
• 1915 – Hans Peter Keller, German writer (d. 1988)
• 1915 – J. C. R. Licklider, American computer scientist and Internet pioneer (d. 1990)
• 1916 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
• 1916 – Ezra Jack Keats, children's literature author (d. 1983)
• 1920 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel laureate
• 1921 – Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005)
• 1921 – Αstor Piazzolla, Argentine composer (d. 1992)
• 1922 – Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek philosopher and economist (d. 1997)
• 1922 – Josι Luis Lσpez Vαzquez, Spanish actor (d. 2009)
• 1926 – Reverend Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (d. 1990)
• 1926 – İlhan Mimaroğlu, Turkish musician and composer
• 1927 – Robert Mosbacher, 28^th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2010)
• 1928 – Albert Salmi, American actor (d. 1990)
• 1929 – Timothy Carey, American actor (d. 1994)
• 1930 – Claude Jutra, Quebec film actor and director (d. 1986)
• 1931 – Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born entrepreneur
• 1932 – Leroy Jenkins, American composer and violinist (d. 2007)
• 1934 – Sam Donaldson, American reporter
• 1935 – Sandra Milo, Italian actress
• 1936 – Antonin Scalia, American Supreme Court Justice
• 1936 – Hollis Frampton, American filmmaker and theorist.
• 1937 – Carlos Larraρaga, Spanish actor
• 1939 – Lorraine Hunt, former Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
• 1939 – Flaco Jimιnez, American musician
• 1940 – Alberto Cortez, Argentinian singer
• 1942 – Joel Steiger, American Producer / Writer
• 1945 – Dock Ellis, American baseball player (d. 2008)
• 1945 – Harvey Mandel, American musician
• 1945 – Jose Mari Chan, Chinese-Filipino singer and songwriter
• 1946 – Patty Waters, American jazz singer
• 1947 – Tristan Murail, French composer
• 1948 – Roy Barnes, 80^th Governor of Georgia
• 1948 – Cιsar Gerσnimo, Dominican baseball player
• 1948 – Dominique Sanda, French actress
• 1950 – Bobby McFerrin, American singer
• 1950 – Jerry Zucker, American director
• 1952 – Douglas Adams, English writer (d. 2001)
• 1953 – Bernie LaBarge, Canadian musician
• 1953 – Lαszlσ Bφlφni, Romanian football player and manager
• 1954 – Gale Norton, 48^th United States Secretary of the Interior
• 1955 – Nina Hagen, German singer
• 1956 – Curtis Brown, NASA astronaut
• 1956 – Joey Buttafuoco, American statutory rapist
• 1956 – D. J. MacHale, American author and television writer
• 1956 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor
• 1956 – Helen Rollason, British sports journalist and television presenter (d. 1999)
• 1957 – Lady Chablis, American entertainer
• 1957 – Cheryl Lynn, American singer
• 1958 – Anissa Jones, American actress (d. 1976)
• 1958 – Jim Pinkerton, American pundit
• 1958 – Flemming Rose, Danish journalist
• 1958 – Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, interim President of Iraq
• 1959 – Nina Hartley, American porn star, author and feminist
• 1959 – Dejan Stojanović, Serbian-American poet
• 1960 – Christophe Gans, French film director
• 1961 – Elias Koteas, Canadian actor
• 1962 – Jeffrey Nordling, American actor
• 1963 – Alex Kingston, English actress
• 1963 – Davis Guggenheim, American director and producer
• 1964 – Peter Berg, American film actor, director and producer
• 1964 – Libba Bray, American author
• 1964 – Emma Chambers, British actress
• 1964 – Vinnie Paul, American drummer (Pantera)
• 1964 – Shane Richie, British actor
• 1965 – Nigel Adkins, English football manager
• 1965 – Jesse Jackson, Jr., American politician
• 1965 – Wallace Langham, American actor
• 1965 – Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, British television presenter
• 1966 – Joe Hachem, Lebanese-born Australian poker player
• 1966 – Ilias Zouros, Greek basketball coach
• 1967 – John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor
• 1967 – Brad Carson, American politician
• 1968 – Lisa Loeb, American singer-songwriter
• 1969 – Terrence Howard, American actor
• 1969 – Soraya, Colombian-American singer (d. 2006)
• 1970 – Delia Gallagher, American journalist
• 1971 – Johnny Knoxville, American television personality
• 1971 – Martin Ručinskύ, Czech ice hockey player
• 1972 – Paolo Ponzo, Italian footballer
• 1973 – Martin Hiden, Austrian footballer
• 1974 – Bobby Abreu, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1974 – Jon Dalton, American reality show personality
• 1974 – Kate Brian, American author
• 1975 – Eric the Midget, American radio personality
• 1975 – Shawn Springs, American football player
• 1976 – Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer
• 1977 – Andre Nickatina, American rapper
• 1977 – Becky Hammon, American basketball player
• 1978 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer
• 1978 – Albert Luque, Spanish footballer
• 1978 – Paulo Musse, Brazilian footballer
• 1978 – Christopher Rice, American author
• 1979 – Elton Brand, American basketball player
• 1979 – Fred Jones, American basketball player
• 1979 – Benji Madden, American guitarist (Good Charlotte)
• 1979 – Joel Madden, American singer (Good Charlotte)
• 1980 – Paul Scharner, Austrian footballer
• 1980 – Dan Uggla, American baseball player
• 1981 – David Anders, American actor
• 1981 – Heidi Cortez, American entrepreneur
• 1981 – Lee Evans, American football player
• 1981 – Russell Lissack, English musician (Bloc Party)
• 1981 – LeToya Luckett, American singer (ex-Destiny's Child)
• 1981 – Paul Wall, American rapper
• 1982 – Brian Anderson, Major League Baseball player
• 1982 – Thora Birch, American actress
• 1982 – Benjamin Krause, German rugby player
• 1982 – Lindsey McKeon, American actress
• 1983 – Marietta Chrousala, Greek fashion model
• 1983 – Bianca Gonzalez, Filipina TV host and model
• 1983 – Adil Mezgour, Moroccan footballer
• 1984 – Marc-Andrι Grondin, Canadian actor
• 1984 – Anna Tsuchiya, Japanese model, actress and singer
• 1984 – Tom James, British rower
• 1985 – Paul Bissonnette, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1985 – Stelios Malezas, Greek footballer
• 1985 – Ajantha Mendis, Sri Lankan Cricketer
• 1985 – Hakuhō Shō, Mongolian sumo wrestler, the 69^th Yokozuna
• 1985 – Derek Schouman, American football player
• 1985 – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian soccer player
• 1986 – Mariko Shinoda, Japanese actress and member of AKB48
• 1987 – Marc-Andrι Gragnani, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1988 – Fαbio Coentrγo, Portuguese football player
• 1989 – Anton Yelchin, Russian/American actor
• 1990 – Janna Dominguez, Filipina actress
• 1990 – Reiley McClendon, American Actor
• 1991 – Jack Rodwell, British football player

[edit] Deaths

• 1425 BC – Thutmose III, Egyptian pharaoh
• 222 – Elagabalus, Roman Emperor
• 222 – Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus (b. 180)
• 859 – Eulogius of Cordoba, Spanish Bishop and Christian Martyr
• 1198 – Marie de Champagne, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1145)
• 1486 – Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1414)
• 1514 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (b. 1444)
• 1575 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)
• 1602 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian composer
• 1607 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer
• 1722 – John Toland, Irish philosopher (b. 1670)
• 1759 – John Forbes, British general (b. 1710)
• 1786 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1714)
• 1801 – Paul I of Russia, Russian tsar (b. 1754)
• 1820 – Benjamin West, English-American painter (b. 1738)
• 1851 – George McDuffie, Governor of South Carolina (b. 1790)
• 1854 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
• 1856 – James Beatty, Irish railway engineer (b. 1820)
• 1863 – Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)
• 1866 – Ulysses F. Doubleday, American congressman (b. 1792)
• 1869 – Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher (b. 1803)
• 1870 – King Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho
• 1874 – Charles Sumner, American politician (b. 1811)
• 1898 – William Rosecrans, American Civil War Union general (b. 1819)
• 1907 – Jean Casimir-Perier, French politician (b. 1847)
• 1908 – Revd Benjamin Waugh, American activist (b. 1839)
• 1915 – Thomas Alexander Browne, Australian writer (b. 1826)
• 1920 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (b. 1865)
• 1926 – Usui Mikao, Japanese founder of Reiki (b. 1865)
• 1931 – F.W. Murnau, German film director (b. 1888)
• 1937 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist (b. 1860)
• 1944 – Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-born American historian (b. 1882)
• 1949 – Anastasios Charalambis, Greek general and interim Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1862)
• 1952 – Pierre Renoir, French stage and film actor and director (b. 1885)
• 1955 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish scientist, Nobel laureate (b. 1881)
• 1955 – Oscar Mayer, Bavarian-born American meat packer (b. 1859)
• 1957 – Admiral Richard E. Byrd, American explorer (b. 1888)
• 1958 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish inventor of Legos (b. 1891)
• 1960 – Roy Chapman Andrews, American explorer and adventurer (b. 1884)
• 1967 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (b. 1882)
• 1969 – John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)
• 1970 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American novelist (b. 1889)
• 1971 – Philo T. Farnsworth, American television pioneer (b. 1906)
• 1971 – Whitney Young, American civil rights leader (b. 1921)
• 1977 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist (b. 1893)
• 1977 – Alberto Rodriguez Larreta, Argentine racing driver (b. 1934)
• 1978 – Claude Franηois, French singer (b. 1939)
• 1978 – Sofia Vembo, Greek Female Singer, dubbed the "Singstress of Victory" (b. 1910)
• 1982 – Edmund Cooper, English author (b. 1926)
• 1982 – Horace Gregory, American poet (b. 1898)
• 1984 – Kostas Roukounas, Greek rembetiko singer and song writer (b. 1903)
• 1986 – Sonny Terry, American blues musician (b. 1911)
• 1987 – Joe Gladwin, English actor (b. 1906)
• 1989 – James Kee, American politician (b. 1917)
• 1989 – John J. McCloy, United States Secretary of War (b. 1895)
• 1990 – Dean Horrix, English footballer (b. 1961)
• 1992 – Richard Brooks, American film director (b. 1912)
• 1993 – Dino Bravo, Italian-born professional wrestler (b. 1949),
• 1995 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (b. 1945)
• 1996 – Vince Edwards, American film actor and director (b. 1928)
• 1999 – Camille Laurin, Quebec psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)
• 2002 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Brian Cleeve, Irish author (b. 1921)
• 2003 – Ivar Hansen, speaker of the Danish Folketing (b. 1938)
• 2006 – Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)
• 2006 – Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)
• 2007 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (b. 1921)
• 2009 – Charles Lewis, Jr., American businessman, promoter and entertainer (b. 1963)
• 2010 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1931)
• 2010 – Leena Peltonen-Palotie, Finnish human geneticist (b. 1952)
• 2010 – Merlin Olsen, American football player / Actor (b. 1940)

[edit] Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day
  • Aengus the Culdee
  • Alberta of Agen
  • Aurea of San Millαn
  • Blessed John Righi
  • Sophronius
  • Vindician
• Johnny Appleseed Day (United States)
• Reestablishment of Lithuania's Independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 (Lithuania)
• Youth Day (Zambia)